Circular Jobs & Skills in the Amsterdam Metropolitan Area.pdf

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This collection comes from the <a href="https://www.circle-economy.com/circular-jobs-initiative/" target="_blank">Circular Jobs Initiative</a>, an initiative of Circle Economy.

The workforce is an essential lever for transforming our economy from linear to circular. The Circular Jobs Initiative aims to maximise the employment opportunities offered by the circular economy. It provides practical support and insights to businesses and governments that want to adopt circular strategies that have a positive social impact.The Circular Jobs Initiative works through three focus areas: 

- Upskilling the workforce

- Quality of work

- Inclusive job opportunities 

CJI has defined circular jobs as any occupation that directly involves or indirectly supports one of the strategies of the circular economy. It distinguishes between three types of circular jobs: core, enabling and indirectly circular jobs.

**Core circular jobs** are all jobs that ensure the closure of raw material cycles, including jobs in repair, renewable energy, waste and resource management. 

**‍Enabling circular jobs** are jobs that remove barriers for and enable the acceleration and upscaling of core circular activities, including jobs that arise in leasing, education, design and digital technology. 

**Indirectly circular jobs** are jobs that occur in other sectors that do not play a direct role in furthering the transition to the circular economy but can still adopt circular strategies. They include jobs that provide services to core circular strategies, including jobs in information services, logistics and the public sector.

The Knowledge Hub Collection includes examples of circular jobs, publications, reports, case studies and policies different organisations, governments and businesses are already using to advocate for a person-centred circular economy. 

Visit the <a href="https://www.circle-economy.com/circular-jobs-initiative/" target="_blank">Circular Jobs Initiative</a>

Visit the <a href="http://jobsmonitor.circle-economy.com/" target="_blank">Circular Jobs Monitor</a>

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Circular Jobs Initiative

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Article / Report

Impact on the quantity or quality of jobs, and shifts in the labour market

Jobs

Provide guidance or professional training to educate employees to use circular economy principles

Training on the circular economy

Utilising data and models to to identify, enable and/or implement circular strategies (eg. effective resource use & logistics planning, circular business models & design)

Data analytics, modelling

'Inform' increases the overall levels of awareness and builds the necessary skills and knowledge around the circular economy to foster long-term change.

Inform

Integrate principles of circularity into primary, secondary and tertiary curriculum and conduct workplace trainings

 Education and Curriculum

Data, knowledge & information sharing

Metrics and indicators to measure progress

 Develop research, structure knowledge, encourage innovation networks and disseminate findings with integrity


Strengthen and advance knowledge

Impacts

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A framework of policy instruments that enabled and encourage the transition to the circular economy

Policies

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A framework of policy instruments that enable and stimulate the transition to the circular economy

The principles of a circular economy concern designing out waste, regenerating ecosystems and keeping items in use. Decoupling the economy from material flows—improving the rate of resource productivity faster than the economic growth rate—is also a consistent guide. By evolving with the growing number of applications of circular economy principles, and consolidating these strategies across thematic areas, Circle Economy’s Key Elements Framework (KE) renders the elements of the circular economy salient and serves as a basis to derive contextual strategies and interventions. 


The Framework consists of:
- Core Elements: Activities directly handling product or material flows; and uniquely,
- Enabling Elements: those that remove obstacles for core actors.


Key elements of the circular economy

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Circle Economy's framework of strategies and activities that define the circular economy

1. Understanding the Circular EconomyThe circular economy offers an alternative way to the linear ‘take-make-waste’ economy that is harming people and the environment. It seeks to extract the maximum value from resources in use and keeps materials in circulation for as long as possible. To this end, resources are not consumed and discarded, destroying their value. Rather, their value is retained by reusing, repairing, remanufacturing or recycling, as shown in the figure below:The value hill model proposes a categorisation based on lifecycle phases of a product in pre-, in- and post-use, and clarifies the systemic differences between the current linear economy and the circular economy that we are striving for.[1]The circular economy is no end-point, it is rather a process of transformation. By following circular strategies, organisations and businesses can render their processes increasingly circular and attain the highest level of economic and societal value. A piece of work by Circle Economy, Making Sense of the Circular Economy: The 7 Key Elements[2] conducted a literature review and mapped the various terms and definitions used by over 20 organisations - NGOs, government agencies, academia, consultancies, etc. - working on the circular economy. From this work emerged a framework for the circular economy - the DISRUPT Framework, and from this framework the description of a circular job were formulated. The DISRUPT model presented below describes the full breadth of relevant strategies that give direction to this transformative process. There are three core circular strategies (in light blue), which directly intervene in material cycles, and four enabling strategies (in dark blue), which serve to mainstream, accelerate and scale up the core circular strategies. 2. Definition of a Circular JobEmployment in the circular economy reflects the broad nature of the system, and can equally be defined according to the DISRUPT framework. The circular labour market, much like its linear counterpart, is comprised of all kinds of jobs in different sectors, ranging from manufacturing and creative industries to waste and resource management. Jobs in the circular economy, shortly ‘circular jobs’, are all jobs that contribute to one of the strategies of the DISRUPT framework. There are three types of circular jobs:Core circular jobs -These jobs ensure that raw material cycles are closed and thus form the core of the circular economy. They include jobs in renewable energy, repair and waste and resource management sectors. Examples of core circular jobs are displayed in light blue in the framework below.Enabling circular jobs- These jobs enable the acceleration and upscaling of core circular activities and thus form the supporting shell of the circular economy. They include jobs in leasing, engineering and digital technology - albeit only those that actually contribute to circularity. Examples of enabling circular jobs are displayed in dark blue in the framework below.Indirectly circular jobs - These jobs provide services to the primary circular activities above and thus form the activities that indirectly uphold the circular economy. They include, for example, jobs in education, logistics and the public sector. Examples of indirectly circular jobs are displayed in grey in the framework below.A circular job is any occupation that directly involves one of the elements of the circular economy or indirectly supports such activities.A direct circular job includes jobs that follow core and enabling circular economy strategies.An indirect circular job includes jobs that support the directly circular jobs.Indirect circular jobsThese jobs provide services to the primary circular activities above and thus form the activities that indirectly uphold the circular economy.The architect designs buildings to enable resource recovery after the building’s use phase and so designs for the future. The building information manager maintains data on construction components so as to keep track of these physical assets. They understand how to integrate and interpret virtual information management systems.The repair technician repairs appliances, machines or vehicles. They possess strong technical and manual skills which can be acquired through formal and informal education and training. The demand planner oversees supply and demand to make refurbishment a profitable business model. This role requires logical thinking and reasoning. The process operators sorts waste to be used in sellable products, for example to produce livestock feed from by-products from the food industry. This practically skilled job requires knowledge of the quality of incoming raw materials.The agronomic advisor supports healthy soil nourishment with organic fertiliser from composted manure and crop remnants. They come with interpersonal skills with ecological knowledge.The procurement professional stimulates demand for secondary materials and discerns and connects new suppliers in order to do this. This profile points to the need for entrepreneurial and interpersonal skills.The courier brings packages to and from consumers as part of a reverse logistics scheme that enable new business models. The teacher transfers knowledge and skills to the (future) workforce so as to equip workers with the skills for all circular economy strategies. Using this definition, the sectors of economic activity as defined by NACE (level 5) are classified as core circular, enabling circular, or indirectly circular, based on how well the sectors are connected to the DISRUPT Framework. An indication is provided in the table below, followed by a full extract of NACE Level 5 sectors mapped to the DISRUPT Framework.  Table 1: An indication of how sectors are mapped to the DISRUPT FrameworkCIRCULAR JOBECONOMIC SECTORCIRCULAR ECONOMY ELEMENTEXAMPLE SECTORS AND ACTIVITIESDIRECT CIRCULAR JOBSCORE SECTORSSustain and Preserve What’s Already ThereUse Waste as a ResourcePrioritise Regenerative ResourcesRepair ServicesRecycling Renewable EnergyENABLING SECTORDesign for the FutureIncorporate Digital TechnologyRethink the Business ModelTeam up to Create Joint ValueIndustrial Design and ArchitectureDigital TechnologyRenting or Leasing ActivitiesProfessional and Networking AssociationsINDIRECT CIRCULAR JOBSINDIRECT CIRCULAR SECTORSEducationGovernment ServicesProfessional ServicesTable 2: NACE Codes mapped to the DISRUPT FrameworkDISRUPT ElementCorresponding NACE Rev 2.1 CodesSustain and Preserve What’s Already There 33100; 33110; 33111; 33112; 33120; 33121; 33130; 33131; 33140; 33141; 33150; 33151; 33160; 33161; 33170; 33171; 33190; 33191; 45112; 45192; 45201; 45202; 45204; 45205; 45206; 45402; 47790; 47791; 47792; 47793; 95000; 95100; 95110; 95111; 95120; 95121; 95200; 95210; 95211; 95220; 95221; 95230; 95231; 95240; 95241; 95250; 95251; 95290; 95291; 95292; 95299Use Waste as a Resource36000; 36001; 36002; 36003; 37000; 37001; 37002; 37003; 38000; 38100; 38110; 38111; 38112; 38120; 38121; 38200; 38210; 38211; 38212; 38213; 38219; 38220; 38221; 38222; 38300; 38310; 38311; 38312; 38320; 38321; 38322; 38323; 38329; 39002; 43110; 43111; 46770; 46771; 46772; 46779Prioritise Regenerative Resources3511X[3]Design for the Future71110; 71111; 71112; 71120; 71121; 71129; 74100; 74100; 74101; 74102; 74103; 74104; 74105; 74109Incorporate Digital Technology61000; 61100; 61101; 61200; 61201; 61202; 61300; 61301; 61900; 61901; 62000; 62010; 62011; 62020; 62021; 62030; 62031; 62090; 62091; 63100; 63110; 63111; 63120; 63121; 63900Rethink the Business Model43996; 77200; 77210; 77211; 77212; 77213; 77220; 77221; 77290; 77291; 77292; 77293; 77294; 77295; 77296; 77299; 77300; 77310; 77311; 77320; 77321; 77330; 77331; 77340; 77341; 77350; 77351; 77390; 77391; 77392; 77393; 77394; 77399; 96010; 96011; 96012; 96013; 96014; 96015Team up to Create Joint Value94100; 94110; 94111; 94120; 94121; 94200; 942014. Quantifying Circularity For the core circular sectors, it is assumed that 100% of the jobs are circular. For the enabling circular and indirectly circular sectors; however, not all jobs are circular and it was necessary to analyse what percentage of the jobs within these sectors that can be considered circular. This analysis is done through the use of Input-Output Tables (IOTs).IOTs describe the economy as an integrated system of monetary transactions among industries, consumers and capital, with rows representing the ‘source’ of activity (industry output or supply) and columns representing the ‘destination’ (industry input or demand). The sectors in the rows and columns are classified using the NACE mapping indicated above. For an exhaustive theoretical background on IOTs and Input-Output Analysis (IOA), please refer to Miller and Blair (2009)[4]. Generally, IOTs are produced by National Statistical Institutes (NSI) and are therefore at the national level. Whenever the scope of the analysis is at a lower geographical level, i.e. regional or urban, the Spatial Microsimulation Urban Metabolism (SMUM) model by UNEP is used to downscale the intermediate demand matrix based on sector-specific employment data[5].Sector classifications can vary greatly between different IOTs. Most tables are specified at NACE level 2 or similar, as opposed to NACE level 5 as per the classification table. Because sectors at NACE level 2 are still quite broad and incorporate many sub-sectors, they can often be intended as a combination of core, enabling and indirect industries. In order to distinguish between sub-sectors, corresponding proportions must be applied to every row and every column to disaggregate the broad sectors, thereby exposing fully core, enabling and indirectly circular sectors. We calculate these proportions using granular employment figures at NACE level 5 and applying it to each NACE Level 2 sector. This transformation is displayed in the image below where Table 3 is transformed into Table 4.Table 3: Subset of Original IO Table Table 4: Subset of Original IO Table with Circular proportions appliedSector B - CoreSector B - EnablingSector B - IndirectlySector A - Core1050Sector A - Enabling55020Sector A - Indirectly0100Once the original table has been disaggregated to NACE level 5, we can determine the share of circular activity within a particular enabling or indirectly circular sector. The estimation of such circular employment shares is based on the inter-industry relationships between sectors and on the assumption that monetary transactions in the form of supply and demand of products/services are a proxy for employment generation. The estimation of circular employment shares follows two slightly different logics for enabling and indirectly.For Enabling sectors, we assume that the extent to which they can be considered circular is determined by the share of supply (output) of Enabling products/services to Core sectors over the total supply of Enabling products/services. This can be also be thought of as the (circular) market share of Enabling to Core sectors over the total Enabling output. For Indirectly circular sectors, we assume that the extent to which they can be considered circular is determined by the share of demand (input) of Indirectly circular sectors for Core product/services over the total demand of Indirectly circular sectors. This can also be thought of as the (circular) input coefficient of Indirectly circular sectors from Core over the total input of Indirectly circular sectors. Noticeably, we do not consider the interaction between Enabling sectors to classify as circular. Figure X presents a case-by-case graphic depiction of the logic.ENABLING CIRCULAR SECTORS LOGICCoreEnablingIndirectCoreABCTotal Core OutputsEnabling DEFTotal Enabling OutputsIndirectGHJTotal Indirectly OutputsTotal Core as InputsTotal Enabling as InputsTotal Indirect as inputsCoreEnabling D/(Total Enabling as outputs) = X%IndirectINDIRECTLY CIRCULAR SECTORS LOGICCoreEnablingIndirectCoreABCTotal Core OutputsEnabling DEFTotal Enabling OutputsIndirectGHJTotal Indirectly OutputsTotal Core as InputsTotal Enabling as InputsTotal Indirect as inputsCoreEnabling IndirectC/(Total Indirectly Outputs) = Y%The result of these operations are three matrices, one for each category, filled with coefficients ranging between 0 and 1; the product of these matrices is a single final circular coefficient matrix () which reflect the share of each transaction (and assuming full proportionality, also jobs) that can be considered circular.We move on by applying standard IO formulas for the calculation of the total industry output (x vector), Intermediate coefficient matrix (A matrix) and Leontief inverse or total requirement matrix (L matrix). Each element of L is also known as total requirement multiplier:Where  is the intermediate demand matrix, is the final demand matrix,  is a summation vector,  is the diagonalised inverse of the total output and  is the identity matrix with same shape of .We then apply the circular coefficients to the Leontief inverse by multiplying the two and create a new counterfactual matrix which only considers the circular share of each total requirement multiplier, that is the “circular” requirement multiplier:Where is the circular coefficient matrix and  is the counterfactual Leontief inverse matrix. Finally, we apply the standard IO formula for calculating the total stressor in a system:Where  is the row vector of employment intensities (number of FTE jobs per unit of sector output), is the counterfactual circular requirement matrix , is the final demand matrix,  is a summation vector and  is the matrix of circular employment by sector.5. Advantages and limitationsThe approach holds advantages and limitations:The method employs macro-economic data, which is up to date, reliable and existing data to calculate the amount of jobs in the circular economy. There is no need to collect new data, a time intensive and costly process.This data is structured following the NACE an internationally standardised classification system. This allows for replication and comparison of results over time and across borders.The method employs a proxy to calculate the circular share of jobs in enabling and indirect circular sectors. This proxy is derived from economic interaction between sectors (see method description IOA above) and can therefore lead to an under- or overestimation of circular jobs in enabling and indirect circular sectors.The method consists of an original application of IOA, which has to date not been validated by a larger scientific community and therefore still highly uncertain. Additionally, the method inherits all the assumptions and constructs behind the production of IOTs.[6]The method scales down and aggregates employment data based on monetary information. The relationship between employment and monetary transactions rests on the following assumptions:Employment is a good proxy for downscaling national IOTs to lower geographical scopes. Employment is a good proxy for disaggregating sectors in IOT, which implies full proportionality between monetary transactions and employment. Volume of monetary transactions is a good proxy for estimating the number jobs (for the estimation of circular market shares and input coefficients), which again implies full proportionality between monetary transactions and employment. The method takes into account only domestic flows and therefore does not account for circular employment implications related to trade with other countries (import and export). Considering both the opportunities and limitations, the method employed for this monitor forms the basis - and first iteration - of a monitoring practice for employment in the circular economy. 6. Territories on display on the monitorThe monitor displays results from the above analysis across three levels of territory. These territories correspond to the administrative boundaries of the region under study, and are selected to support insights generation or decision making for visitors to the monitor.In Europe, we apply the Eurostat's Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics (NUTS) regions and display NUTS0 - NUTS2 - NUTS3, where NUTS0 refers to the state boundaries.Although these levels aim to describe regions at all hierarchical levels, the regions at a given level can differ significantly with respect to land area, population, economic strength and administrative importance. We adjust the three tiers on display according to the needs of the region under study. For example: Scotland, is a NUTS1 region of the United Kingdom (NUTS0). Here we display NUTS1-NUTS2-NUTS3Cornwall and Isles of Scilly is already a NUTS3 region. We applied the calculation at that level and do not show aggregated figures for surrounding regions, or other regions in the same NUTS0 territory i.e. across the United Kingdom.6. Updates to the methodologyWith the aim of continuous improvement in monitoring jobs in the circular economy, Circle Economy updates its methodology for quantifying circular economy jobs on a yearly basis. It therefore follows that in some cases the results shown in reports using previous versions of the methodology may differ from the ones displayed on the online Circular Jobs Monitor. In these cases, we include a method update notice on the landing page of all relevant reports. [3] The Renewable Electricity Production Sector Codes at NACE Level 5 are not standardised, therefore bottom up data is used to establish proxy codes of 35111 - Production of Non Renewable Electricity, and 35112 - Production of Renewable Electricity.[4] Miller, R. E., & Blair, P. D. (2009). Input-output analysis: foundations and extensions. Cambridge university press.[5] https://resourceefficientcities.org/resources/smum/ [6] Miller, R. E., & Blair, P. D. (2009). Input-output analysis: foundations and extensions. Cambridge university press.

‍The circular economy presents labour markets with varying opportunities, including generating jobs in service and labour intensive industries and redistributing jobs across geographies. But to tap into this potential, we need to gather evidence on which circular jobs and skills currently exist in specific sectors and territories. Which jobs are already part of the circular economy? Where are these jobs located? How are these jobs distributed across sectors and how are they related to circular strategies? The Circular Jobs Monitor is an online tool that gathers, displays, and keeps track of the number and range of jobs that are part of the circular economy. It provides policymakers, economists, and labour organisations with insights into the relationship between the circular economy and the labour market. These insights facilitate the design of evidence-based strategies for promoting the circular economy, required education pathways, and a benchmark of current circular activity against which to monitor future progress. Quantifying the circular economy in terms of its impact on jobs can strengthen the argument for businesses and governments to focus on circular economy activities. ‍Users of the Circular Jobs Monitor‍Policymakers use the monitor to:Provide a starting point to define which sectors should be included in circular strategy developmentMonitor the progress of circular economy policies and impact on the labour market, when data is reviewed regularly ‍Economists and labour organisations use the monitor to:Access dataUnderstand the geographic distribution of circular jobsAlign their efforts with the skills needs of different regions, industries and sectorsAttain a baseline for defining sectors for scenario modelling ‍How to interpret data on the Circular Jobs Monitor‍The Circular Jobs Monitor uses Circle Economy's definition of circular jobs: a circular job is any occupation that is directly involved in or indirectly supports a circular economy strategy, such as renewable energy, repair or recycling. We distinguish between three types of circular jobs: core, enabling and indirectly circular jobs.
 Read more about circular jobs 
‍‍The Circular Jobs Monitor classifies over 2000 sectors using industry standard classification systems, such as The Statistical Classification of Economic Activities (NACE). It can be used to map the amount and distribution of circular jobs in any territory, whether it be a city, region or nation.  For each territory that is entered on the monitor, an overall number and percentage of circular jobs are generated. This total is also broken down by sector, circular economy strategies and across core, enabling and indirectly circular jobs. The monitor also allows you to explore how circular jobs are distributed across regions, provinces and down to the municipal level.
 Dive into a snapshot of data currently on the monitor 
‍What users say about the Circular Jobs Monitor‍’Measuring the state of the circular economy is difficult, but has been crucial for understanding the progress Scotland is making in realising the circular economy. The methodology has helped us get a sense of where Scotland’s labour market is now and how we can measure progress in the future. The Circular Jobs Monitor makes our results accessible to an international audience and enables us to see regional variations that can support policy development.’  - Leonore te Bokkel, Assistant Economist, Zero Waste Scotland‍’The Circular Jobs Monitor provides Cornwall Council with the opportunity to make decisions that will further enhance our development of a sustainable and circular economy for Cornwall and the Isles of Scilly.’ - Peter Lefort, Cornwall Council's Carbon Neutral Cornwall Sector and Partnerships LeadThe monitor currently provides data for several territories in Northern Europe and North America. We are now looking to expand to territories across the globe and to allow for deeper analyses, including for observing trends and evolutions in the labour market over time. To do so, we require both local collaborations and access to employment data.‍Would you like to help us grow the Circular Jobs Monitor? There are various ways to collaborate with us and we value all contributions. Get in touch today to explore adding a new region or country to the monitor, or other opportunities for collaboration.

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Amsterdam

Netherlands

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OUR MISSION IS TO ACCELERATE THE PRACTICAL AND SCALABLE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE CIRCULAR ECONOMY

At Circle Economy, we believe in a visionary future for our planet — one in which we do not have to compromise in order to achieve economic, social, and environmental prosperity. As an impact organisation, we connect and empower a global community to create the conditions for systemic transformation. With nature as our mentor, we work alongside businesses, cities and governments to identify opportunities to make the transition to the circular economy, and provide a powerful combination of practical and scalable solutions to turn these opportunities into reality.
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Our mission is to empower a global community of businesses, cities and governments to accelerate the transition to the circular economy through practical and scalable insights and solutions that address humanity’s greatest challenges.

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Circle Economy

Gemeente Amsterdam

The Erasmus Happiness Economics Research Organisation (EHERO) is a scientific institute where happiness is studied. Happiness is defined as the subjective enjoyment of one's life as a whole.

The mission of EHERO is to contribute to greater happiness for a greater number of people. EHERO does this by providing evidence based knowledge about happiness, with the aim of promoting better informed choices throughout society, be it at the level of governments, organizations or individuals.

EHERO provides knowledge in three ways, by 1) gathering existing knowledge, 2) developing new knowledge, and 3) sharing knowledge.

EHERO is based in Erasmus School of Economics at Erasmus University Rotterdam. Part of the staff and affiliates of EHERO works in other faculties of Erasmus University and in other universities.

The Erasmus Happiness Economics Research Organisation (EHERO)

The Metropolitan Region Amsterdam (MRA, known in Dutch as Metropoolregio Amsterdam) is comprised of 32 municipalities, two provinces (North Holland and Flevoland) and the Transport Authority Amsterdam. Around 2.5 million people – more than 14 per cent of the Dutch population – live within the MRA. It is the country’s most robust economic region and the MRA also performs well on the international stage.

The various authorities in the MRA collaborate based on the MRA Agenda, which forms the content basis for the partnership. The 2020-2024 agenda aims to strengthen the international position of the Metropolitan Region Amsterdam as a top economic region with a high quality of life.

Metropoolregio Amsterdam (MRA)

A truly circular city requires an inclusive and prosperous job market for all of its citizens. But what is a circular job? Who will be doing this work? And what skills can allow citizens to thrive in a circular economy? Circle Economy presents the report "Circular jobs and skills in the Amsterdam Metropolitan Area", the world's first regional deep-dive to explore the character of jobs and skills in the circular economy. The report was produced by Circle Economy and Erasmus University Rotterdam for the City of Amsterdam and Amsterdam Metropolitan Area. This research provides insight into (1) the baseline situation of circular employment, (2) skills needed in the circular economy and (3) action perspectives for policy makers. This report summarises the key findings from the full report “jobs and skills in the MRA” that was originally pushed in Dutch. These insights and action perspectives from Amsterdam create valuable insights for other cities that want to prepare their workforce for the transition towards a circular economy.&nbsp;