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This collection features a selection of case studies, based on the global *Circularity Gap Reports*, that can mitigate climate breakdown by reducing virgin material consumption, waste and greenhouse gas emissions. The latest **[Circularity Gap Report 2023](https://www.circularity-gap.world/2023#download)** reveals that the global economy is now only 7.2% circular and outlines how circular solutions across four sectors can bring global planetary boundaries back within safe limits. 

In the six years of the *Circularity Gap Report*, the global economy has extracted and used unprecedented amounts of materials. The first edition of the *Report *in 2018 found that global circularity was 9.1% and it has decreased every year since—leaving a Circularity Gap of over 90%. If this trend continues, we will have to find more and better solutions to combat the negative effects of climate change. This is why we have identified case studies from across the globe—based on the needs of society and planetary health—that serve as real-world examples of the circular economy in action.

Circle Economy is a not-for-profit organisation working to accelerate the circular transition. Through the *Circularity Gap Reporting Initiative*, our mission is to deliver an annual global Circularity Metric that measures the state of the world economy and identifies key levers to transition to global circularity. With nature as our guide, we work alongside cross-sector stakeholders from academia, businesses, NGOs and governments to provide a powerful combination of practical and scalable interventions that transform circular opportunities into realities. 


To learn more about these interventions to accelerate the circular transition, read the latest [Circularity Gap Report 2023](https://www.circularity-gap.world/2023#download), as well as previous editions of the global [Circularity Gap Reports](https://www.circularity-gap.world/global).

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Global Circularity Gap Report 2023

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Policy case

Impact on the availability of resources as well as their effect on living organisms, ecosystems, and components of the environment.

Ecological Impact

Impacts on the financial condition of a company, as well as the the economicconditions of its stakeholders and on economic systems at local, national, andglobal levels.

Economic Impact

Impact on the quantity or quality of jobs, and shifts in the labour market

Jobs

Reduced green house gas emissions released into the biosphere

Reduce Emissions (SDG13)

Minimise waste through diversion: Instead of sending waste to landfill, it is redirected into other industrial processes for handling, treatment, recycling, recovery, or reuse in various forms. 

Minimise waste through design: At the outset of a process of project, plan and design such that there is zero waste or minimal waste during production, use, and at end of life. 

Minimise Waste (SDG12)

Reduced use and withdrawal of water and rate of recycling and reuse of water

Save Water (SDG6)

Reduced use of fossil fuel energy sources and/or increased use of renewable energy

Reduce Energy Consumption

Contributing to the improvement of biodiversity including species diversity, total number of protected species, and ecosystem health

Biodiversity

Producing agricultural products and processing them into food and beverageproducts for consumption

Agri/Food

Producing building materials and providing services to create residential and non-residential infrastructure and real estate


Construction and Infrastructure

Providing public and private education and support services at any level or for any profession, and governmental and public administration services, including judicial, regulatory, and legislative activities, taxation, defence, public order and safety, immigration services, foreign affairs and the administration of government programmes

Education and Government Services

Providing electricity and gas services, including traditional and renewable energy generation, natural and manufactured gas and operating gas networks

Energy Utilities and Independent Power Producers

Providing water and sewage services, including water collection and distribution, water treatment systems and sewage treatment facilities

Water and Sewage

Collecting waste from households and businesses by means of refuse bins, wheeled bins, containers, etc., and providing treatment, incineration, materials recovery and reclamation, and disposal of hazardous and non-hazardous waste

Waste Management

Ensure renewable, reusable, non-toxic resources are utilised as materials and energy in an efficient way

Prioritise regenerative resources

Utilise waste streams as a source of secondary resources and recover waste for reuse and recycling

Use waste as a resource

Work together throughout the supply chain, internally within organisations and with the public sector and communities to increase transparency and create joint value

Team up to create joint value

Replace freshwater with less impactful alternatives and enact water efficiency measures

Regenerative water

Replace energy sources with less impactful alternatives and enact energy efficiency measures

Regenerative energy

Reuse, repurpose, and recycle waste streams within the same industry

Valorise waste streams - closed loop

Reuse, repurpose, and recycle waste streams within other industries

Valorise waste streams - open loop

Engage with the government on circular policies and programmes

Government collaboration

Replacing freshwater use with rainwater, fogwater, seawater, etc.

Alternative water use

Enacting measures that optimise water use

Water efficiency

Enacting measures that optimise energy use

Energy efficiency

Using renewable energy like solar, wind, etc. or renewable fuels like biomass, etc.

Renewable energy, fuels

Participating in government programmes that support and advance the circular economy

Government programmes

'Manage' influences the use and function of physical and material elements within the urban environment. 

Manage

'Regulate' changes the rules of the systems to achieve compliance through enforcement. 


Regulate

The need that represents the largest resource footprint, with 42.4 billion tonnes, is for construction and maintenance of houses, offices, roads and other infrastructure, especially in the developing world.

Housing

The second biggest category in terms of resource use is the need for nutrition. Agricultural products such as crops and livestock require 21.8 billion tonnes yearly. Food products have short lifecycles in our economy, being consumed quickly after production.



Nutrition

Communication and connectivity is becoming an ever-more important aspect of today’s society, provided by a mix of equipment and technology ranging from personal mobile devices, to data centres. Increased connectivity is also an enabler of the circular economy, where digitisation can make physical products obsolete, or enable far better use of existing assets, including consumables, building stock or infrastructure.


Communication

- Lightweighting, frugal design and lifetime extension of bearing elements
- Reduction in construction losses
- Local construction materials
- Energy-efficient appliances and use
- Lower room temperature and smart metering

Saving: 3.45 Gt emissions and 4.05 Gt material use 
 

🏠 Resource efficient construction

- Green roofs
- Passive houses
- Produce own renewable energy

Saving: 6.47 Gt emissions and 3.07 Gt material use 

🏠 Natural housing solutions

- Hang-drying clothing
- Hot water saving
- Smart metering
- Better thermal insulation
- Lower room temperature

Saving: 1.96 Gt emissions and 0.79 material use

🏠 Resource efficient housing

- Organic food, seasonal & fresh food
- Eliminate the need for chemical fertilisers and pesticide
- Regional-local food
- Produce your own food
- Sustainable biomass certifications
- Shift towards locally produced food in the hospitality sector with a policy focus on national food self-sufficiency.                   

Saving: 2.07 Gt emissions and 3.40 Gt material use

🍎 Sustainable food production

- Buy smaller and lighter electronic devices
- Increased digitalisation 
- Cloud computing services

Saving: 0.19 Gt emissions and 0.33 Gt material use

🔊 Efficient design of ICTS

Impacts

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Industries

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A framework of policy instruments that enabled and encourage the transition to the circular economy

Policies

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A framework of policy instruments that enable and stimulate the transition to the circular economy

The principles of a circular economy concern designing out waste, regenerating ecosystems and keeping items in use. Decoupling the economy from material flows—improving the rate of resource productivity faster than the economic growth rate—is also a consistent guide. By evolving with the growing number of applications of circular economy principles, and consolidating these strategies across thematic areas, Circle Economy’s Key Elements Framework (KE) renders the elements of the circular economy salient and serves as a basis to derive contextual strategies and interventions. 


The Framework consists of:
- Core Elements: Activities directly handling product or material flows; and uniquely,
- Enabling Elements: those that remove obstacles for core actors.


Key elements of the circular economy

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Circle Economy's framework of strategies and activities that define the circular economy

The framework consists of 21 complementary interventions, across six scenarios - one for each of the six societal needs we model. These interventions can mitigate climate impact by curbing GHG emissions

Note: interventions are currently focused on:
- 🏠 Housing 
- 🍎 Nutrition
- 🚗 Mobility
- 👚📺 Consumables
- 👩‍⚕️👨‍⚕️ Healthcare
-  🔊 Communication

These 21 interventions are spread across six societal needs and wants, with a set of solutions. Within these solutions are strategies on ’how to get there'.  

The framework moves beyond incremental action and provides solutions that will require behavioral change (dietary shifts towards less meat consumption, for example) and the adoption of state-of-the-art technologies in the industry to mitigate emissions in hard-to-abate sectors (such as steel manufacturing). It illustrates how continued globalisation can benefit from the uptake of digital solutions. The combined interventions showcase the mitigation potential that begins where the current country pledges end; illustrating the additional impact our interventions can bring to the NDCs. In short, the interventions provide input for a more profound fundamental transformation than the more current pathways that make up the vast majority of NDCs. 

Together, the combined interventions can almost double the current global Circularity Metric of 8.6%, bringing it to 17%. 

This results in:
• Shrinking global material use and extraction by 28%. 
• Cutting global GHG emissions by 39%—fully closing the Emissions Gap as defined in our report and taking into account the updated NDCs.
• Allowing the world to achieve the Paris Agreement’s goal of keeping at 1.5-degrees of warming by 2032.

*This framework was developed in the Circularity Gap Report 2021. Read more about it [here](https://www.circle-economy.com/resources/circularity-gap-report-2021)*






Global Circularity Gap Report

An intervention-based framework for nations and stakeholders working towards circular countries

      Écrit par Webmaster      Mis à jour : 2 juin 2020      Affichages : 1525      L’économie verte est l’économie de l’avenir Qu’est ce que l’économie verte ? L’économie verte est le domaine d’activités relatives à la production, à la distribution et à la consommation des richesses d’une collectivité humaine en respect avec l’environnement.  L’économie verte n’est pas une économie parallèle à l’économie brune («la croissance d'abord, le nettoyage après»), elle en est la transformation dans le but de réaliser le développement durable :  qui crée des revenus et des emplois grâce à des investissements qui réduisent les émissions de CO2 et la pollution, qui empêche la perte de la biodiversité et des écosystèmes et contribuent à une gestion rationnelle des RN sur lesquelles repose la croissance;  qui réduit l’empreinte écologique;  qui privilégie les technologies propres et sobres (cleantech) , les éco-activités;  qui pratique la production et la consommation responsables, qui pense les productions en termes de cycle de vie, éco-conceptions, la REP;  qui met la recherche de l’équité sociale au centre de ses préoccupations et qui réduit la pauvreté;  qui évalue les effets des décisions sur les générations futures;  qui renforce la convergence entre les trois sphères du développement durable: sociale, économique et environnementale. Concernant la stratégie nationale Dans le cadre de la mise en œuvre les composants de l’économie verte au niveau  nationale, a été lancé dans la préparation de la stratégie nationale pour l'économie verte en 2014, ont également été achevés dont les trois premières étapes ont été d'identifier ce qui a été réalisé et / ou qui est en cours dans le domaine de l'économie verte niveau international, et de déterminer les perspectives d'une économie verte en Tunisie et les activités que l'incorporation de la transition vers ce nouveau modèle économique dans un progressif et efficace aussi bien que élaborer des orientations stratégiques et le travail de préparation pour le régime à poursuivent une transition vers une économie verte en Tunisie Le but de la stratégie nationale pour l'économie verte à regarder les possibilités de développement de l'activité économique actuelle et la concentration de nouvelles activités vertes dans plusieurs domaines, y compris, en particulier, l'agriculture biologique et l'éco-tourisme et le transport et l'infrastructure durable, durable et éco-bâtiments et les industries vertes et technologies de la communication et de l'information verte à l'appui de l'institution et les services environnementaux avec le soutien des options d'efficacité énergétique et l'utilisation de l'énergie conservation renouvelable de l'eau et la réutilisation des eaux et la gestion intégrée du traitement des déchets. Ces activités sont principalement basées sur les options de menu sur les changements technologiques, y compris la réduction de la pollution et la dépendance énergétique et les rapports alimentaires et protège l'environnement et contribuer à une croissance économique globale et équilibrée et créer des emplois supplémentaires citoyen. Le propre vision de la stratégie d'économie verte nationale,  a été identifié par les  4 principes qui sous-tendent et ses 9 axes stratégiques, et la mise en œuvre du régime. les quatre principes: Développer une forte croissance dynamique, inclusive, économie novatrice et la solidarité. Réduire la sensibilité actuelle des ressources naturelles et des systèmes et des systèmes de régionalisation qui agissent avec les effets du changement climatique. Adopter le développement intégré de gouvernance, décentralisée et participative, avec l'adoption de l'approche instantanée infrastructure assure la mise en œuvre des projets stratégiques d'une part, et l'approche de l'infrastructure instantanée pour encourager les initiatives locales sur l'autre. Pour promouvoir la qualité de vie des citoyens et de la résistance aux perturbations. Les neuf axes stratégiques: Axe 1: cultiver efficace dans l'utilisation des ressources naturelles, moins polluants et l'océan avec une production durable. Axe 2: assurer l'approvisionnement en eau potable et à l'assainissement pour tous les citoyens. Axe numéro 3: l'élimination des déchets dans un cadre intégré afin d'améliorer la vie en valorisant les déchetsrecyclé et réduire les émissions de gaz à effet de serre. Axe 4: Air et d'améliorer la disposition des systèmes forestiers et des ressources pastorales pour contrer les effets du changement climatique. Nombre d'axe 5: développer une économie avec une faible dépendance à l'égard de l'énergie fossile. Axe 6: l'avancement du secteur industriel grâce à l'adoption des énergies et des technologies propres et en faire une forte valeur ajoutée. Axe 7: améliorer la qualité et la performance du secteur des transports publics. Axe 8: de promouvoir l'efficacité énergétique et l'adoption de nouveaux systèmes liés aux structures écologiques. Numéro de l'axe 9: la promotion du tourisme durable et offrant une variété de services.  Cela a été de préparer des propositions pour la mise en œuvre des plans et des composants d'action sectoriels, conformément aux axes stratégiques qui ont été identifiés et en prenant en considération les personnes et les projets qui ont été convenus au cours des étapes précédentes (les parties en cause, l'intervention du calendrier, le coût estimé, ...). A également été présenté aux procédures et associé étroitement pour assurer la mise en œuvre de ces régimes le long des lignes des aspects juridiques et réglementaires, la gouvernance, le financement, la formation et le briefing et la recherche scientifique, la sensibilisation et la communication, la coopération internationale. D'autre part, il a été fournir quelques-unes des actions horizontales pertinentes d'intérêt pour les ressources humaines, la collecte, la finance, la sensibilisation et les tendances de communication. Documents utiles  synthese de la strategie nationale de l'economie verte (Ar)1.20 Mo bureau d'appui de l'economie verte (Ar)837.00 Ko 

Tunisia

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Government of Tunisia

Tunisia has implemented a national strategy for the green economy, to identify possibilities for the development of economic activity in a sustainable way. The areas of focus are organic farming, eco-tourism, sustainable transport and infrastructure, sustainable eco-buildings, green industries, communication and information technologies, energy efficiency and energy use, renewable water conservation and water reuse, and finally, integrated waste treatment management. With these strategies, Tunisia hopes to stimulate economic growth and create jobs for citizens. Four principles are prioritised: the development of strong and inclusive growth, reduction of the current sensitivity of natural resources, adoption of integrated, decentralised and participatory governance, and promotion of citizens’ quality of life.&nbsp;

Tunisia's green economy plan

Reduced use of virgin materials and/or an increase of the use of secondary and bio-based materials

Reduce Material Consumption (SDG12)

Producing basic and specialty chemicals, inks, agricultural chemical such as fertilisers and pesticides, plastics including packaging, and rubber

Chemical and Plastic

Legislation

Bans

Tunisia has announced plans to stop its supermarkets and pharmacies from using single-use plastic bags from next month before phasing them out completely in 2021.Plastic pollution has been a growing problem in the north African country in recent years, along with the challenges presented by its ancient industrial plants and barely managed household waste.Under government plans, major supermarkets and pharmacies will stop issuing the bags from 1 March, with all bags banned by January 2021. Reusable bags – defined by the government as having a thickness of 40 micrometres and a capacity of more than 30 litres – will remain in circulation.Discarded plastic bags have become a common blight on the Tunisian landscape, blown across the countryside, enmeshed in trees and impacting the country’s land and marine ecosystems. Often used to transport household waste to local collection areas, they are commonly piled by the side of the road, where they lie awaiting collection by the local municipality.An attempt to introduce a ban in 2016 failed following vocal resistance from industry. However, it was enough to stop many of the country’s leading supermarkets issuing free bags. Instead, the stores started charging for a smaller number of more durable bags, resulting in a dramatic reduction in the overall number of bags in circulation.“We have become addicted to single-use or disposable plastic — with severe environmental consequences,” said Wassim Chaabane, founder of the Association Tuniso-Méditerranéenne de l’Environnement, an environmental group.“In Tunisia, more than 4.2bn single-use plastic bags are consumed, where 1.2bn bags are imported informally.”ProfileShowWhy the sudden focus on plastics?Mankind produces roughly its entire body weight in plastics every year. But the vast majority of it is either not recycled, unrecyclable, or doesn't get reused once it's been recycled. Volumes ending up in the natural environment are surging. Plastic can take as much as 500 years to decompose.What are the implications?Plastic is ubiquitous – and often deadly. It kills sea creatures that eat it but cannot digest it. It gets into the human food chain by contaminating the fish that we eat. It is even in our tap water. There is no science about the long-term impact of humans ingesting plastic.What is to be done?Taxing plastic bags – or even banning them outright as Kenya has done – has changed consumer and producer behaviour. But what next? Deposit return schemes for plastic bottles work well in several countries. Charging for one-time coffee cups also seems to be on the agenda. But the real solutions may not be top down but ...... bottom up?Yes. Grassroots movements led the way on plastic bags, and have spawned others such as Refill, which emphasises reusing bottles, and A Plastic Planet, which urges plastic-free aisles in supermarkets. Popular culture remains hugely important: it's just possible that the British series The Blue Planet has changed attitudes overnight.Plastic bags can take anywhere between 400 and 1,000 years to break down through exposure to light. Once reduced to tiny particles, they continue to contaminate the soil and waterways, endangering local habitats and polluting seas and rivers.Chebli Hedi, the general director of environment and quality of life at the ministry of local affairs and the environment in Tunis, explained: “Since the revolution we have had serious difficulty in different areas and different cities with plastic bags, which are small and have been thrown away and disturb the environment.”Unlike the earlier attempt to ban their use, Hedi stressed, this latest initiative came following extensive consultation with the public and the commercial Utica union, and also involved voluntary participation by most supermarkets and pharmacies. Negotiations over the wider ban, to be introduced next year, are ongoing.The move was welcomed by campaigners in Tunis and the environmental pressure group Break free from Plastic. All cautioned against its introduction without adequate monitoring and support. Most vulnerable will be small shopkeepers who rely on regularly issuing bags to their customers.Even here, however, the government’s proposals found support, albeit cautious. “This news definitely makes me happy,” said Mohammad El Weti, a shopkeeper in Tunis’s ancient medina. “We’re used to politicians giving vague promises, but I’m happy they managed to pass an actual law this time. I hope they will manage to apply it.”Tunisia faces other significant environmental challenges. Single-use plastics, such as drinking straws and plastic used in commercial packaging, remains commonplace. Elsewhere, Tunisia’s reliance on often antiquated heavy industry, not least phosphate production, has left entire swathes of the country and coastline unusable.While the government is making some headway on limiting pollution, in a country where unemployment sits at 15% nationally any measure that could be perceived as damaging to industry, and therefor a danger to jobs, is likely to prove controversial.Hedi nonetheless remains optimistic. “With the environment, you cannot say: ‘This is very big, so we need to start with it,’ or: ‘This is very small, so I can ignore it.’ With the environment, everything counts.”

UNEP/MAP was instrumental in the introduction of a ban on single-use plastic bags in Tunisia.
The ban, which entered into force on 1 March 2020 for supermarkets by virtue of Decree No. 32 dated 16 January 2020, prohibits the manufacturing, import and use of conventional single-use plastic bags.
Compostable and reusable plastic bags will still be allowed in the market as an alternative, provided that they bear a specific marking. A comprehensive ban will be extended to all producers and suppliers of plastic bags by 1 January 2021.
Partner Tunisian institutions received technical support in the preparation of the draft decree on aspects such as limitations of compostable bags to prevent plastic leakage.
Funded by the EU and implemented by UNEP/MAP, the Marine Litter MED project also supported the elaboration of the legal and technical framework required for enforcement, including through the revision of industrial norms regulating plastic bag manufacturing.
Given the crucial importance of buy-in from the private sector, the project built on a voluntary agreement that was in place between the Government of Tunisia and supermarkets and pharmacies to encourage an inclusive dialogue on the scope and content of the decree and on sustainable alternatives for industry actors.
The project’s delivery in Tunisia and other Mediterranean countries fed in the elaboration of the Guidelines to phase out single-use plastic bags in the Mediterranean, recently adopted at COP 21. A Regional Cooperation Platform was also established to provide coordinated support and guidance to the implementation of the Regional Plan on Marine Litter Management in the Mediterranean.
The delivery of the Marine Litter MED project encompassed substantial inputs from related regional processes, including UNEP Global Partnership for Marine Litter, the European Union (EU) Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD), the UfM H2020 initiative for a cleaner Mediterranean and the SwitchMed Programme.


Mediterranean Action Plan 

The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) is the leading global environmental authority that sets the global environmental agenda, promotes the coherent implementation of the environmental dimension of sustainable development within the United Nations system, and serves as an authoritative advocate for the global environment.

Our mission is to provide leadership and encourage partnership in caring for the environment by inspiring, informing, and enabling nations and peoples to improve their quality of life without compromising that of future generations.

United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)

Started in 2020, the Tunisian government paved the way for a gradual phase-out of single used plastic bags by prohibiting major supermarkets and pharmacies the usage of plastic bags. At the beginning of 2021, plastic bags were completely banned but reusable bags will remain in circulation. Funded by the EU and implemented by UNEP/MAP, the Marine Litter MED project also supported the elaboration of the legal and technical framework required for enforcement, including through the revision of industrial norms regulating plastic bag manufacturing.

Ban on single-use plastic bag introduced in Tunisia

Article / Report

Impacts on the social fabric of the community and well-being of the individuals and families.

Social Impact

Impact on increased knowledge and understanding as a result of the case study

Increase Awareness

Provide guidance or professional training to educate employees to use circular economy principles

Training on the circular economy

'Inform' increases the overall levels of awareness and builds the necessary skills and knowledge around the circular economy to foster long-term change.

Inform

Integrate principles of circularity into primary, secondary and tertiary curriculum and conduct workplace trainings

 Education and Curriculum

Awareness raising events

Information campaigns

 Develop research, structure knowledge, encourage innovation networks and disseminate findings with integrity


Strengthen and advance knowledge


FERRARA, 13 December 2019 – The United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) has introduced policymakers from Tunisia, Egypt and Morocco to the different phases of the circular economy from engineering, economics and law perspectives. The training programme on circular economy policies for representatives of Ministries of Industry, Economy, Commerce, Finance and Environment was provided by UNIDO in collaboration with the University of Ferrara, the Centre for Research on Circular economy, Innovation and SMEs (CERCIS) and the SEEDS interuniversity research centre.
Working groups were encouraged to think about circular economy solutions for specific products from technical and policy points of view. The programme also included meetings with representatives of Italy's Emilia-Romagna region, clusters of private-public organizations, the energy and financial sectors, and the Centoform vocational training centre, as well as a field trip to the Renazzo headquarters of the metal recycling company, Guidetti Recycling Systems.
For information, contact:
Nicola Cantore
Research and Industrial Policy Officer
Department of Policy Research and Statistics, UNIDO
n.cantore@unido.org Franz Brugger
Capacity Development Manager
Department of Policy Research and Statistics, UNIDO
f.brugger@unido.org



 SEEDS is an interuniversity research centre that aims at developing and promote research and higher education projects in the fields of ecological and environmental economics, with a special eye to the role of policy and innovation in the path towards a sustainable society, in economic and environmental terms. Main fields of action are Environmental policy, economics of innovation, energy economics and policy, economic evaluation by stated preference techniques, waste management and policy, climate change and development. 

Egypt

Morocco

Government of Morocco

University of Ferrara

United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO)

Government of Egypt

Centre for Research on Circular economy, Innovation and SMEs (CERCIS) 

Interuniversity research centre SEEDS

The United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) has introduced policymakers from Tunisia, Egypt and Morocco to the different phases of the circular economy from engineering, economics and law perspectives. The training programme on circular economy policies for representatives of Ministries of Industry, Economy, Commerce, Finance and Environment was provided by UNIDO in collaboration with the University of Ferrara, the&nbsp;Centre for Research on Circular economy, Innovation and SMEs&nbsp;(CERCIS) and the&nbsp;SEEDS interuniversity research centre.