Since 2002, Birmingham city council (BCC) has had a strong history of supporting and promoting industrial symbiosis, which is a principal pillar of the circular economy. Industrial symbiosis involves the facilitation of commercial transactions or activities – synergies – of using waste materials or by-products such as energy, water or other resources generated by companies and integrating them as inputs into the production processes of other companies.

Over this period some of the ‘physical’ manifestations of these actions in favour of industrial symbiosis, have resulted in different projects: the creation of the Tyseley Environmental Enterprise Zone (TEEZ); the Big City Plan (combining industrial symbiosis with city planning): a 20-year city centre master plan, a vision encouraging and supporting Birmingham’s continuing transformation into a world class city centre. It covers every aspect of the built environment, including sustainable development and efforts to address the impact of climate change as part of the future transformation of the city centre; an energy park and the European Bioenergy Research Institute.